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Input devices
Input devices are necessary to provide ways to communicate with the computer. Information and commands are issued to the computer by way of these devices.
Input devices include keyboards, mice, joysticks, light pens, touch-sensitive screens, scanners, graphics tablets, speech-recognition devices" microphone " , and vision systems
The Devices for the Manual Input of Data:
1- The keyboard is a way to input letters or numbers into different applications or programs. There are many variations on the layout and labeling of keys. Extra numeric keys may be added, as may special-purpose function keys, whose effects can be defined by programs in the computer.
The Microsoft Natural Keyboard Elite is the second in a series of ergonomically designed keyboards from Microsoft. Its split, gently sloped design allows you to place your hands, wrists and forearms in a natural position for greater comfort while typing. With its improved space-saving design, the new keyboard takes up less room on your desktop and fits easily into keyboard trays.,
Keyboard Internet Multi Media: The Internet Keyboard has additional programmable hot keys, which allow you to browse the web or check E-mail directly from the keyboard. One-touch buttons take you directly to your favorite multimedia activities - navigate music and video clips, surf the Web, start the programs you use most, and more.
Wireless keyboards offer a radio frequency solution and infrared technologies, that allows you to control the keyboard and the trackball from up to two meters (6.6 feet). RF (radio frequency) is more convenient than IR (Infrared) technology as it doesn't require you to point the keyboard at a receiver on the computer.
Touchpad keyboard has a built-in touchpad that allows you to perform point and click operations without removing your hands from the keyboard.
2- Pointing devices: Now many vendors offer a range of pointing devices accommodating virtually any user preference, whether you are in the market for an ergonomic mouse, touchpad, trackball or the latest in wireless technology. A pointing devices allow to control the pointer on the monitor screen. Pointing devices such as mice, trackballs, touchpad's, light pens.
The mouse is The computer mouse is the most common input device, which allows the user to control a cursor on the monitor screen to manipulate data without complicated commands. Buttons on the mouse enable selections to be made from menus, movement of objects around the screen, and painting or drawing.
 Optical mice: One of the latest developments in mice, is the replacement of the inner wheels and ball necessary for positioning the pointer on the screen, to an optical mechanism. Optical mouse doesn't need a pad, doesn't have dust contamination problems, and less space occupied. It has more free flying and less pressure on palm, convenient and more precise positioning cursor on the screen. Optical mouse usually needs no more than 4 sq. cm to map a full screen; for this type of mice the dynamic resolution varying from 360 to 2000dpi.
 Intelligent Touch : The mouse knows when you're there and when you're not. Unique sensors recognize the presence of your hand and immediately engage the optical technology. When your hand is removed, the mouse reverts to a sleep mode, conserving battery power. The benefit is that when you're there, the mouse is on – when you're not, it rests.
 Biometric Mouse (Fingerprint). This is not only a regular mouse but a stand-alone fingerprint reader, accessed by authorized people only. This mouse allows only registered users to access the computer. User can activate screensaver when they are away.
 Wireless Mouse (Gyration, Inc) gives cordless freedom in a comfortable way. This type of mouse provides a true clutter-free desktop, without extra cords.
 Gyration Ultra Cordless Optical Mouse is rechargeable, and gives 25 ft. of the freedom to move away from a desk without sacrificing precise and reliable cursor control.
A touch screen is a computer screen or other screen that you can touch with your finger to enter information. Examples of touch screens include a smart board, a microwave, a dishwasher, or an ATM at a bank.
Light Pen systems
A Light pen systems include a pen, interface device and special monitor (Graphic tablets, or Tablet PC). The pen is a hand-held electro-optical pointing device which when touched to or aimed closely at a connected computer monitor, will allow the computer to determine where on that screen the pen is aimed. The light pen is used directly on the monitor screen and does not require any special hand/eye coordination skills. Pushing the light pen tip against the screen activates a switch which allows the user to make menu selections, draw, paint, and perform other input functions.
3- Input controllers usually are used for playing computer games. Special game controllers are specialized computer input devices, designed for gaming purposes, and used to play games, which cannot work well with keyboard controls, the mouse, or a combination of the two. The different kinds of game controllers such as flight yokes, joysticks, game pads, "virtual pedals" and so on , were invented to enhance the gaming and/or simulation experience
4- Input Devices utilizing Feet
 No Hands" Mouse (Hunter Digital) utilizes two foot pedals; one to move the cursor and one to click, drag and drop objects on computer desktop without taking the user hands off the keyboard. This input device provides easy, effortless motions and movements through the simple movement of feet. If you have the problem of trying to eat something and read a website, this is for you.
 The X-Key Foot Pedals (Keyboard Alternatives & Vision Solutions, Inc) are alternative to using a mouse. The device has 2 programmable pedals. Available with PS/2 or USB connectors
Input Systems Using Voice
Input systems using voice, can include microphone and special Speech recognition software downloaded in a computer. Developed last years, Speech recognition technology allows individuals to operate computer functions and enter computer data by voice. The speech recognition software is "trained" to recognize a user's commands, i.e., "open," "enter," and "close." The technology has several components: noise-canceling input, a speech recognition engine, vocabularies, application interfaces, and rudimentary natural-language processing. The most popular speech recognition systems are keyboard applications, which allow users to speak directly to their computers, complementing or replacing the keyboard.
Head-controlled Pointing Systems
 HeadMouse(Origin Instruments) is a head operated computer mouse for people who cannot use their hands. This is a device that translates the movements of a user's head into movements of the computer mouse pointer. The HeadMouse is a wireless optical sensor which tracks a tiny and disposable target that is placed on the user's forehead or glasses. Because this capability is combined with the on-screen keyboard Soft Type, the HeadMouse completely replace the functions of a conventional keyboard. Soft type keyboards provide an image of the keys on the computer display, with key selection made by positioning the mouse pointer over a key.
 HeadMaster Plus(Prentke Romich Company) is a head pointing system that takes the place of the mouse. Just move your head and the cursor moves on the screen. Puff on the tube to make selections. Mouse clicks can also be made by activating an external switch (sold separately) or by dwelling with a dwell software program (sold separately). It is the only head pointing system that tracks both lateral and rotational movement. Also available for HeadMaster, is an optional Remote Adapter providing for wireless infrared use and an optional Laptop Adapter.
Image Input Systems
 Scanner - is used to digitize images of pages or objects. A light moves slowly over the surface of the picture or object to be scanned. The colors of the reflected light are detected and digitized to build up a digital image. The digital data can then be saved by a computer as an image file. They can be used with Optical Character Recognition software to convert images of text into actual text data which can be edited by a word processor.
 Digital Camera - light received through the lens is converted to digital signals by sensors, rather than stored by chemical change on a film as in a normal camera. The resulting "picture" can then be stored on a computer and used just like any clipart files.
 Video Digitizer - enables video signals from a standard video camera or cassette recorder to be read into a computer. The video can then be stored as a file, displayed on screen and edited. Still images can be captured and printed or used as clipart. The Digital technology delivers a richer and more accurate picture quality than the analog format.
Audio input system
Audio input system is based on the digital sound card and MIDI. MIDI (Musical Instrument Digital Interface) is the computer language that is used to communicate between computers and digital musical instruments. The computer can acquire data not only via microphone but through a MIDI cable, and record the music from the multiple instruments such as MIDI Guitars, MIDI Basses, MIDI Drums, MIDI Samplers, MIDI Saxophones, MIDI Violins and MIDI Trumpet, and play them back at the same time.
Document Readers
 Bar code readers (scanners): A bar code scanner scans Pattern of bars and spaces ,The information is then saved on the computer. Bar codes are widely used in retailing, industrial distribution, and libraries. The code is read by a scanning device; the computer determines the code from the widths of the bars and spaces
 The Magnetic Stripe reader: is designed to work like a bar code slot reader to scan Magnetic Stripe Cards such as Visa/Master Card/American Express and other credit cards. Magnetic stripes are thin strips of magnetic tape which are usually found on the back of plastic credit and debit cards. When the card is inserted into a reader (in an Automatic Teller Machine for example), the tapes slide past a playback head similar to that used in a tape recorder. This reads the data from the stripe and passes it to a computer.
 Finger Print Readers: Now you can say goodbye to password hassles, because you can log on to your computer with your fingerprint. The Microsoft® Fingerprint Reader lets you replace all those usernames and passwords with the tip of your finger. The Fingerprint Reader is integrated into some of Microsoft’s latest keyboard and mouse products, and also sold separately.

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